The Relationship Between Arterial Stiffness and Respiratory Failure: Using Motor Neurone Disease as a Paradigm to Assess the Consequence of Sleep Disordered Breathing on Arterial Stiffness

The stiffness of the arterial wall is highly relevant to cardiovascular disease. Large elastic arteries and smaller muscular conduit arteries become stiffer with ageing, a process that is accelerated in the presence of cardiovascular disease. Arterial stiffness increases also with various disease states, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and kidney disease. Numerous techniques have been developed to measure arterial stiffness, either in single vessels or in entire muscular arterial trees. These techniques have increasingly been shown to improve stratification of cardiovascular risk and risk reduction beyond that provided by conventional risk factors. Furthermore, large artery stiffness, measured via carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, independently predicts the risk of cardiovascular events in both clinical and community-based cohorts.

Abnormalities in arterial stiffness have been noted in disorders characterized by hypoxia with or without hypercapnia. These abnormalities could be driven by the risk factors for those conditions (e.g. cigarette smoke, obesity). In COPD, all studies are consistent showing a significant increase in arterial stiffness compared with ex-smokers without airway obstruction and nonsmoker healthy control subjects. The severity of airway obstruction is consistently related to arterial stiffness in COPD. Furthermore, airflow limitation arising from cigarette smoking, but not airflow limitation in non-smokers, was associated with arterial stiffness in a general population independently of established risk factors. The presence of OSA was associated with higher arterial stiffness indices independent of major confounders. In this context, OSA is associated with increased arterial stiffness independent of blood pressure.

Non invasive ventilation has been shown to reduce arterial stiffness in obstructive sleep apnea. In particular, there are studies that have examined the impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on arterial stiffness (measured with pulse wave velocity) in OSA patients. Other studies have examined changes in arterial stiffness (measured with other than pulse wave velocity method) after treatment of OSA with CPAP. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge no investigation exists on the impact of non invasive bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation on arterial stiffness in neuromuscular disease.

The Lane Fox Unit, the UK's largest weaning, rehabilitation and home ventilation unit, is treating neuromuscular patients. In neuromuscular disease, especially in MND, confounding factors as obesity, cigarette smoke, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus can be excluded. This gives the opportunity to determine whether hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia alone cause arterial stiffness. Furthermore, in this pilot study it will be investigated whether non invasive ventilation has any effect on arterial stiffness in MND patients.